A practical reference on pentadecapeptide: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
This page was last updated on 2026-03-19 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Most published findings come from rodent experiments using induced injury or surgical models. Human reports remain scarce and are largely observational, which limits how much can be stated with confidence. Questions about absorption, distribution, metabolism, and clearance in people are still open. Dose translation between species is likewise unresolved. Researchers tend to read the animal literature as a starting point rather than a settled account.
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide composed of fifteen amino acids. Its sequence corresponds to part of a protein found in human gastric juice, which is the origin of the "body protection compound" label. In laboratory work the material is treated as a defined research chemical rather than a finished product. Published research has centered on animal models, and the peptide is not an approved medicine in most countries.
The peptide was first described in the early 1990s by a group studying gastric secretions and tissue repair. Its fifteen-residue chain is usually written as GEPPPGKPADDAGLV in single-letter code. The free peptide has the formula C62H98N16O22 and a theoretical mass near 1419.5 daltons. These identifiers are established chemical facts that can be checked against standard peptide databases. There is no ambiguity about the primary structure.
Purity is ordinarily reported as a percentage from reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, where the area of the main peak is compared with the total peak area. Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry, since the measured mass can be checked against the value calculated from the sequence. Some certificates also include amino acid analysis or sequence confirmation by tandem mass spectrometry. A single purity number does not describe the profile of related impurities, so the underlying chromatogram and spectrum usually carry more information than the headline figure.
Material of this kind is sold for laboratory research, and labels typically state that it is not intended for human or veterinary use. In many countries it is not an approved medicine, and sports antidoping rules place it among prohibited non-approved substances. Buyers commonly review a certificate of analysis, an independent test report, and the declared storage conditions. Batch-to-batch variation in purity and in counterion content is possible, and how much that variation affects experimental outcomes remains an open question.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Amino acid count | 15 residues | Synthetic pentadecapeptide chain |
| Sequence | GEPPPGKPADDAGLV | Single-letter amino acid code |
| Molecular formula | C62H98N16O22 | Free peptide, without counter-ion |
| Theoretical mass | Approximately 1419.5 daltons | Varies slightly with adducts and counter-ions |
| Origin | Fragment of a human gastric juice protein | Source of the BPC designation |
Terminology in the literature is not fully standardised. Papers and product listings use BPC-157, BPC 157, and the longer phrase stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 interchangeably, and synonyms such as bepecin or PL 14736 appear in older or company-linked publications. Purity claims and reported masses can also differ between sources because peptide preparations may include counterions, residual solvents, or bound water. This variability complicates direct comparison of results across studies and makes the exact identity and grade of a given sample worth verifying. Discussions of the compound should therefore specify the source, salt form, and stated purity where those are known.
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide composed of fifteen amino acid residues, with the sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val. Its name derives from body protection compound, a term used for a protein fraction identified in human gastric juice. Researchers in Zagreb first reported the pentadecapeptide in the early 1990s and described it as a stable fragment of that larger protein. The compound is also catalogued as PL 14736 and, in some commercial contexts, as bepecin. Its molecular formula is C62H98N16O22 and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 1419 daltons.
Long-term storage of the dry powder is typically described at minus twenty degrees Celsius or colder, while shorter holding periods may use ordinary refrigeration. Repeated warming and cooling cycles are discouraged because they stress the material and can promote aggregation or loss. Light exposure and residual moisture are both treated as avoidable sources of degradation, and working aliquots are often prepared to limit how many times a container is opened. Sealed vials with a desiccant are the usual container.
Quality assessment rests on two separate questions: whether the chain is the intended one, and how much of the sample is that chain. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection is the standard purity measurement, while mass spectrometry confirms identity through the observed molecular mass. Amino acid analysis and sequence verification provide further checks. A reported purity percentage describes the proportion of the sample represented by the main peak, not the amount of peptide by mass, since counter-ions and water make up part of any lyophilized lot.
In addition, the HTR of 5-HTP is abolished by indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) inhibitors, which block conversion of serotonin and other endogenous tryptamines into N-methylated tryptamines, such as N-methylserotonin (NMS; norbufotenin), bufotenin (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; 5-HO-DMT), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). These N-methylated tryptamines are well-known for their psychedelic effects, whereas serotonin itself, without biotransformation, does not seem to produce psychedelic effects. 5-HTP has not been found to produce psychedelic effects in humans, which has been attributed to the high doses required to produce such effects. The 5-HTP doses that produce the HTR in rodents are orders of magnitude higher than the doses of 5-HTP that have been used safely and therapeutically in humans. It remains unknown whether 5-HTP can produce psychedelic effects in humans. The highest dosage of 5-HTP that is known to have been evaluated in humans is about 3,000 mg per day. Serotonin syndrome and associated hallucinations have been reported with overdose of serotonin-elevating drugs, but psychedelic-like effects have not been reported. The lack of the HTR and psychedelic effects with serotonin itself has been attributed to the fact that these effects appear to be dependent on activation of a population of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors expressed in cortical neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that lack the serotonin transporter (SERT) and are inaccessible to serotonin.
The city also has seven Muslim places of worship: the socio-cultural association of Muslims in Upper Normandy, En-Nour Mosque on Rue Paul Claudel, El Fath Mosque on rue Victor Hugo, Bellevue mosque on rue Gustavus Brindeau, and three prayer rooms located on rue Audran, Boulevard Jules Durant, and rue Lodi. The synagogue, located in the rebuilt central city, was visited by President Jacques Chirac in April 2002. It is the seat of the association consistoriale israélite du Havre whose president is Victor Elgressy.
== External links == Histology image: 13906loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Respiratory System: lung (human), alveolar macrophages" Histology at KUMC resp-resp16 "Alveoli" Slide at ufl.edu
As a competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, it prevents the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA, the precursor to dopamine. This results in lowered systematic catecholamine (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine) levels.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In these cases, usually the half-life of interest in radiometric dating is the longest one in the chain, which is the rate-limiting factor in the ultimate transformation of the radioactive nuclide into its stable daughter. Isotopic systems that have been exploited for radiometric dating have half-lives ranging from only about 10 years (e.g., tritium) to over 100 billion years (e.g., samarium-147). For most radioactive nuclides, the half-life depends solely on nuclear properties and is essentially constant. This is known because decay constants measured by different techniques give consistent values within analytical errors and the ages of the same materials are consistent from one method to another. It is not affected by external factors such as temperature, pressure, chemical environment, or presence of a magnetic or electric field. The only exceptions are nuclides that decay by the process of electron capture, such as beryllium-7, strontium-85, and zirconium-89, whose decay rate may be affected by local electron density. For all other nuclides, the proportion of the original nuclide to its decay products changes in a predictable way as the original nuclide decays over time. This predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock to measure the time from the incorporation of the original nuclides into a material to the present.
=== Given name === Reta Beebe (born 1936), American astronomer, author and popularizer of astronomy Reta Cowley (1910–2004), Canadian painter Reta Jo Lewis (born 1953), American Director of Congressional Affairs, an attorney, diplomat Reta Mays (born 1975), American serial killer Reta Shaw (1912–1982), American character actress Reta Trotman (born 1989), New Zealand racing cyclist
==== Reliable prediction of T-cell epitopes ==== A novel input representation has been developed consisting of a combination of sparse encoding, Blosum encoding, and input derived from hidden Markov models. This method predicts T-cell epitopes for the genome of hepatitis C virus and discuss possible applications of the prediction method to guide the process of rational vaccine design.
=== 2018 === In April 2018, RTL started broadcasting its own UHD channel in Germany. First available at Astra 19.2°E, the Channel shows UHD productions, Formula 1, Football and Deutschland sucht den Superstar. Satellite operator SES broadcast an 8K television signal via its satellite system for the first time in May 2018. The 8K demonstration content, with a resolution of 7680 × 4320 pixels, a frame rate of 60 fps, and 10 bpc color depth, was encoded in HEVC and transmitted at a rate of 80 Mbit/s via the Astra 3B satellite during SES's Industry Days conference in Luxembourg. In June 2018, fuboTV broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup live in 4K and HDR10 becoming the first OTT streaming service to do so. Quarter, Semi and Final matches were available on many popular streaming devices including Apple TV, Chromecast Ultra, Fire TV, Roku and Android TVs. Content was streamed at 60 frames per second using HLS and DASH. Video was sent in fragmented MP4 containers delivering HEVC encoded video. On December 1, 2018, NHK launched BS8K, a broadcast channel transmitting at 8K resolution.
==== MeSH D12.125.166 – amino acids, sulfur ==== MeSH D12.125.166.175 – cystathionine MeSH D12.125.166.215 – cysteic acid MeSH D12.125.166.230 – cysteine MeSH D12.125.166.230.259 – acetylcysteine MeSH D12.125.166.230.310 – carbocysteine MeSH D12.125.166.230.330 – cysteinyldopa MeSH D12.125.166.230.369 – cystine MeSH D12.125.166.230.700 – selenocysteine MeSH D12.125.166.388 – ethionine MeSH D12.125.166.498 – homocysteine MeSH D12.125.166.498.050 – s-adenosylhomocysteine MeSH D12.125.166.554 – homocystine MeSH D12.125.166.676 – methionine MeSH D12.125.166.676.180 – s-adenosylmethionine MeSH D12.125.166.676.450 – n-formylmethionine MeSH D12.125.166.676.450.440 – n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine MeSH D12.125.166.676.620 – methionine sulfoximine MeSH D12.125.166.676.620.125 – buthionine sulfoximine MeSH D12.125.166.676.900 – selenomethionine MeSH D12.125.166.676.950 – vitamin u MeSH D12.125.166.786 – penicillamine MeSH D12.125.166.786.500 – s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine MeSH D12.125.166.800 – thiopronine MeSH D12.125.166.893 – thiorphan
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
posttraumatic osteoarthritis As mentioned, damage to the chondral surface of the joint has a high risk of posttraumatic arthritis if the joint is not returned to native alignment. malunion When bones are not set back into close to native alignment there is a risk of healing in a malformed position. nonunion If there is not adequate blood flow to provide healing factors to the fracture or there is too much movement at the area of injury there is risk of not healing. Diabetes, smoking, and peripheral vascular disease increase risk of nonunion. avascular necrosis When fractured, blood supply can be disrupted to certain bones or areas of bone causing that portion of bone to die and necrose. Examples include the femoral head of the hip joint and the scaphoid of the wrist. joint stiffness and pain Damaged soft tissue leads to build up of scar tissue which can make joints stiff and painful.
In many histological preparations of the submandibular gland, the serous acinar cells located in the hybrid seromucous acini are pushed out from between the mucous acinar cells, and appear as crescent-shaped demilunes located at the back of the acini. This fixation artifact can be avoided by rapid-freezing fixation.
== External links == Research group which presented initial claims of hafnium nuclear isomer de-excitation control. Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine – The Center for Quantum Electronics, The University of Texas at Dallas. JASON Defense Advisory Group report on high energy nuclear materials mentioned in the Washington Post story above Bertram Schwarzschild (May 2004). "Conflicting Results on a Long-Lived Nuclear Isomer of Hafnium Have Wider Implications". Physics Today. 57 (5): 21–24. Bibcode:2004PhT....57e..21S. doi:10.1063/1.1768663. Confidence for Hafnium Isomer Triggering in 2006. – The Center for Quantum Electronics, The University of Texas at Dallas. Reprints of articles about nuclear isomers in peer reviewed journals. – The Center for Quantum Electronics, The University of Texas at Dallas.
== Early life and education == Born in Shawinigan, Quebec. He is the brother of Jean Chrétien, who was Prime Minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Séminaire de Joliette in 1955, a M.D. from the Université de Montréal in 1960, and a Master of Science in Experimental Medicine from McGill University in 1962. He did post-graduate studies from 1962 to 1964 at Harvard University and from 1964 to 1967 at the University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The peptide is synthetic, but its sequence matches a segment of a protein present in human gastric juice. It does not occur as a free fifteen-residue peptide in the body.
Rodents account for the large majority of published experiments. Human data are sparse and mostly observational, so cross-species extrapolation remains uncertain.
It is not an approved therapeutic in most jurisdictions. Regulatory status varies by country, and several places restrict it as a research chemical.
The standard approach is reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reported as a percentage of total peak area. Because that figure alone says little about the nature of the impurities, the accompanying chromatogram is normally the more useful document for judging a batch.